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| c. 420 BC |
| | The Greek philosopher Democritus declares that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | Eudoxus of Cnidus proposes the concept of transparent spheres supporting the bodies visible in the heavens | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | The Greek author Theophrastus writes On the History of Plants, the earliest surviving work on botany | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | Epicurus postulates a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life | |
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| c. 270 BC |
| | On the small Greek island of Samos an astronomer, Aristarchus, comes to the startling conclusion that the earth is in orbit round the sun | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | Archimedes (it is said) leaps out of his bath shouting eureka ('I have found it') when he perceives how to test for relative density | |
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| c. 220 BC |
| | The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculates the circumference of the world with the help of shadows and camels | |
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